What phenomenon involves the transfer of heat vertically through fluid movement?

The phenomenon that involves the transfer of heat vertically through fluid movement is convection. Convection occurs in fluids — which include liquids and gases — and is characterized by the movement of warmer, less dense fluid rising while cooler, denser fluid sinks. This cycle creates a continuous circulation pattern, enabling heat to be distributed efficiently throughout the fluid.

This process is essential in various natural and artificial systems, such as in weather patterns, cooking, and even heating systems. Understanding convection is key to grasping how temperature distribution occurs in fluids, as well as its implications in both environmental and engineering contexts.