What table lists symbols for each known element and includes information about the number of protons in the atomic nucleus?

The correct answer is the Periodic table. This table is a comprehensive arrangement of all known chemical elements, organized by increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom. Each entry on the table not only lists the symbol for each element but also provides additional context such as the atomic mass, and sometimes even information about its state at room temperature or common uses.

The design and structure of the Periodic table allow for trends in elemental properties to be observed easily, making it a vital tool in chemistry and related fields. This systematic organization highlights the relationships between different elements, such as those in the same group or period, which share similar chemical properties.

In contrast, an atomic chart is not a standard term associated with elemental information; it could refer to various types of charts depicting atomic structures rather than listing elements with their properties. An element log does not have formal recognition in scientific literature as a resource used for studying elements. A compound index would typically relate to chemical compounds and their constituents, rather than providing details about individual elements themselves. Thus, the Periodic table stands out as the authoritative source for information about elements and their atomic characteristics.